Question 1

EDUCATION

Accepted Answer

New York University,(http://www.nyu.edu/) Department of History(https://as.nyu.edu/history.html)
Ph.D. September 1998
Major Field: Medieval European History
Minor Field: Early Modern European History
M.A., 1992
B.A., 1990
City University of New York Graduate Center,(https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Home) Latin/Greek Institute,(https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Centers-and-Institutes/Latin-Greek-Institute) Diploma in Latin, 1989

Question 2

DISSERTATION

Accepted Answer

Body and Sacred Place in Medieval Europe, 1100-1389: Interpreting the Case of Chartres CathedralDirector: Professor Penelope D. Johnson
 
This dissertation investigates the medieval understanding of sacred place and argues that bodies and bodily metaphors were central to the establishment, function, use, and power of medieval churches. It lays bare the intimate relationship between the two facades of Christian sacred place: building and body. It questions the traditional division of sacred and profane jurisdictions, arguing for the need to consider non-devotional uses of churches in the Middle Ages. Only when the tension between the jurisdictions is explored will historians construct accurate representations of medieval sacred places and reveal living churches.
 
Part one examines idealized visions of medieval sacred places. Chapter I addresses the shift in locus of Christian sacred space from building to body while the second chapter shows how the body was central to the function of churches. As the clergy of Chartres Cathedral cultivated a place for their church in the world of medieval pilgrimage, they tried to harness the energy of the cult of the Virgin and localize it in their cathedral. The anchor of that energy was the sancta camisia, which transferred power to Chartres and to the human bodies it touched.
The second part of the dissertation turns to mundane and profane uses of these buildings, examining how bodies could challenge their sacred quality. Chapter three details common non-devotional activities that medieval churches accommodated. The fourth chapter discusses the profanation of time, place, and person with the assassination in 1170 of Thomas Becket and argues that Thomas' remains championed his violated church and contributed to the prestige of Chartres Cathedral. The conclusion places in a larger context observations made in previous chapters, considering them in relation to historical change. It posits that as loyalties were torn by emerging political, economic, and social groups the Church suffered a loss of security that was reflected in the uses of sacred spaces. It appears that sacred spaces became truly reserved as identities shifted and Europeans began to order the ambiguity of the Middle Ages.

Question 3

GRANTS

Accepted Answer

NEH Humanities Collections and Reference Resources (https://www.neh.gov/grants/preservation/humanities-collections-and-reference-resources)Grant (Level II), Principal Investigator: $349,971 for The Norman Sicily Project,(http://normansicily.org) 6/1/24 - 5/31/27

Angelo and Mary V. Cali Fund for Italian Studies Grant (MSU)(https://www.montclair.edu/) for student faculty-directed research on Norman churches in Sicily, 2023 and 2024

CHSS Student Research Grant (MSU)(https://www.montclair.edu/) for development of English- and Italian-language lesson plans for The Norman Sicily Project,(normansicily.org) Summer 2022
 
CHSS Interdisciplinary Group Grant (https://www.montclair.edu/chss/about-the-college/chss-initiatives/)(MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) for intra-university collaboration on global cultural heritage and sustainability, 2021-2022 and 2022-2023
 
NEH Humanities Collections and Reference Resources (https://www.neh.gov/grants/preservation/humanities-collections-and-reference-resources)G(http://neh.gov/)rant $49,783 for The Norman Sicily Project,(http://normansicily.org/) 9/1/19 – 8/31/21
 
Separately Budgeted Research Award (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) for research in Rome related to current book project, Rosalia of Palermo: An Enigmatic Norman Saint and her Reconstruction in Seventeenth-Century Sicily - 2019
 
Angelo and Mary V. Cali Fund for Italian Studies Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/): "A Collaborative Historical Preservation Project Joining MSU History and Environmental Studies Faculty and a Yale University Architecture Student in Support of a Web App Dedicated to Sicily’s Surviving Arab-Norman Monuments" - 2019
 
Herman and Margaret Sokol Faculty/Student Research Grant (MSU,(http://www.montclair.edu/) with Dr. Greg Pope,(https://www.montclair.edu/profilepages/view_profile.php?username=popeg) Department of Earth and Environmental Studies)(https://www.montclair.edu/earth-and-environmental-studies/): “Rendering People and Places in the Norman Sicily Project” - 2018
 
Angelo and Mary V. Cali Fund for Italian Studies Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/): "Proofs of Concept for The Norman Sicily Project" - 2018
 
PSEG Institute for Sustainability Studies (https://www.montclair.edu/pseg-sustainability-institute/)Grant in Support of the Development of The Norman Sicily Project (http://www.normansicily.org/)(MSU)(https://www.montclair.edu/) - 2017
 
Dean's Summer Research Grant in Support of the Development of The Norman Sicily Project (http://www.normansicily.org/)(MSU)(https://www.montclair.edu/) - 2016
 
NEH Summer Institute for College Teachers:(https://www.neh.gov/grants/education/summer-seminars-and-institutes-higher-education-faculty) Negotiating Identities: Expression and Representation in the Christian-Jewish-Muslim Mediterranean - 2015
 
Angelo and Mary V. Cali Fund for Italian Studies Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/): "A Digital Conservation Project for Sicily’s Norman Past" - 2015
 
Angelo and Mary V. Cali Fund for Italian Studies Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/): Envisioning Norman Sicily: A Web-Based Digital Image Project (http://envisioningnormansicily.org/)- 2013
 
Global Education Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2007 (Fall)
 
Global Education Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2006 (Spring)
 
Student Faculty Research Award (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2005
 
Separately Budgeted Research Award (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2005
 
NEH Summer Institute for College Teachers:(https://www.neh.gov/grants/education/summer-seminars-and-institutes-higher-education-faculty) Anglo-Saxon England (at the University of Cambridge)(https://www.cam.ac.uk/) - 2004
 
Global Education Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2004 (Fall)
 
Summer Grant Proposal Development Award (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2004
 
Global Education Grant (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2004 (Spring)
 
Student Faculty Research Award (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2004
 
PSC-CUNY (https://www.rfcuny.org/RFWebsite/)Research Award (BMCC,(https://www.bmcc.cuny.edu/) City University of New York)(http://www.cuny.edu/) - 2003
 
Collegium Fellowship (Iona College)(https://www.iona.edu/) - 2001
 
Arts Council Grant: Conference on Eastern Catholic Churches (Iona College)(https://www.iona.edu/) - 2000
 
Bernadotte E. Schmitt Grant (American Historical Association)(https://www.historians.org/) - 2000
 
Faculty Travel and Research Summer Grant (Iona College)(https://www.iona.edu/) - 1999
 
Faculty Instructional Technology Initiative Grant (Iona College)(https://www.iona.edu/) - 1999
 
NEH Summer Seminar for College Teachers/(https://www.neh.gov/grants/education/summer-seminars-and-institutes-higher-education-faculty)Columbia University's Media Center for Art History/(https://learn.columbia.edu/)Andrew W. Mellon New Media Program: Gothic in the Ile-de-France - 1998
 
New York UniversityGraduate School of Arts and Science (http://www.nyu.edu/)Student Travel Grant - 1998
 
Bernadotte E. Schmitt Grant (American Historical Association)(https://www.historians.org/) - 1996
 
New York University (http://www.nyu.edu/)Graduate Assistantships, 1991 - 1994

Question 4

AWARDS

Accepted Answer

Bonnie Wheeler Fellow (http://bonniewheelerfund.org/past_winners.aspx)- 2018
 
Teaching Fellow (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2007 - 2008
 
Dean's Recognition Award for exceptional service to the University (MSU)(http://www.montclair.edu/) - 2007
 
Faculty Instructional Technology Award (Iona College)(https://www.iona.edu/) - 2000
 
New York University (http://www.nyu.edu/)Golden Dozen Outstanding Teaching Assistant Award - 1994
 
Phi Alpha Theta (https://phialphatheta.org/)- 1989

Question 5

BOOKS

Accepted Answer

Encounters: The Medieval Mediterranean in 50 Objects (Lead Author, Routledge, 2028)

Norman Sicily and Early Modern Culture: Historical Memory in a Land of Conquest (in progress)
 
Roger II of Sicily: Family, Faith and Empire in the Medieval Mediterranean World,(https://books.google.com/books/about/Roger_II_of_Sicily.html?id=n0SczQEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description) Medieval Identities: Socio-Cultural Spaces Series(Turnhout: Brepols,(http://www.brepols.net/Pages/Home.aspx) 2020).
 
Body and Sacred Place in Medieval Europe, 1100-1389: Interpreting the Case of Chartres Cathedral(https://books.google.com/books/about/Body_and_Sacred_Place_in_Medieval_Europe.html?id=95-LWZgxH_sC), Studies in Medieval History and Culture Series (New York: Routledge,(https://www.routledge.com/) 2003). Available as a paperback as of August 2009.

Question 6

CHAPTERS

Accepted Answer

"The Norman Sicily Project: An Ongoing, Web-Based Effort to Promote the Island's Eleventh- and Twelfth-Century Past." In Mapping Pre-Modern Sicily: Maritime Violence, Cultural Exchange, and Imagination in the Mediterranean,(https://books.google.com/books/about/Mapping_Pre_Modern_Sicily.html?id=J8j6zgEACAAJ) ed. Emily Sohmer Tai and Kathryn Reyerson (Palgrave Macmillan,(https://link.springer.com/) 2022), 269-91.
 
"Christian Sanctuary and Repository of France's Political Culture: The Construction of Holiness and Masculinity at the Royal Abbey of St.-Denis." in Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages,(https://books.google.com/books/about/Holiness_And_Masculinity_In_The_Middle_A.html?id=7PY_hpp0Q7UC) edited by Patricia Cullum and Katherine Lewis (Cardiff: University of Wales Press,(https://www.uwp.co.uk/) 2004), 127-42. Paperback published by the University of Toronto Press,(https://utorontopress.com/us/) 2005.
 
"Body as Champion of Church Authority and Sacred Place: The Murder of Thomas Becket." in 'A Great Effusion of Blood?': Interpreting Medieval Violence,(https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Great_Effusion_of_Blood.html?id=X6OZHSrJCRAC) Oren Falk, Mark Meyerson and Daniel Thiery, eds. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,(https://utorontopress.com/us/) 2004), 190-215.

Question 7

ARTICLES

Accepted Answer

“Advocating for Rapid, Field-Based Approaches in Cultural Stone Assessment.” Greg Pope, Nicole Cerveney and Dawn Marie Hayes. Under review for Annals of the American Association of Geographers.(https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/raag21/about-this-journal#aims-and-scope)

"The Case of Geoffrey of Hauteville, Lord of Ragusa: A Story of Leprosy and Legitimacy from Norman Sicily."  Speculum,(https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/journals/spc/about) 98 (2023): 86-121. https://doi.org/10.1086/722728(https://doi.org/10.1086/722728)
 
"A Self-Made Monarch of the Medieval World: Roger II of Sicily." Medieval World: Culture and Conflict,(https://www.karwansaraypublishers.com/pages/the-magazine-medieval-world) 2023.

“The Norman Sicily Project: Deriving Meaning from the Prototype’s Data.” Kalkas: rivista sulla preistoria, storia, archeologia, numismatica, storia dell’arte, scienze del paesaggio e storia agraria e forestale del Gargano e del mezzogiorno d’Italia.(https://www.centrostudidelgargano.it/pubblicazioni/kalkas/) 3 (2021): 25-55.
 
"The Norman Sicily Project: A Digital Portal to Sicily's Norman Past." With Joseph Hayes. Digital Medievalist (https://journal.digitalmedievalist.org/)12 (2019): 1-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.16995/dm.68(https://doi.org/10.16995/dm.68)
 
"The Cult of St. Nicholas of Myra in Norman Bari, c. 1071-c.1111," Journal of Ecclesiastical History (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-ecclesiastical-history)67 (2016): 492-512.
 
"The Political Significance of Roger II of Sicily's Antiquated Loros in the Mosaic of Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio, Palermo," Allegorica 29 (2013): 52-69.
 
"French Connections: The Significance of the Fleurs-de-Lis in the Mosaic of King Roger II of Sicily in the Church of Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio, Palermo," Viator (https://cmrs.ucla.edu/publications/journals/viator/)44 (2013): 119-149.
 
"Harnessing the Potential in Historiography and Popular Culture when Teaching the Crusades" History Teacher (https://thehistoryteacher.org/)40 (2007): 349-62.
 
"From Boundaries Blurred to Boundaries Defined: Clerical Emphasis on the Limits of Sacred Space in the Later Middle Ages," in Alex Smith and Alison Brookes, eds., Holy Ground: Theoretical Issues Relating to the Landscape and Material Culture of Ritual Space (https://books.google.com/books/about/Holy_ground.html?id=uMEYAAAAYAAJ)(Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 956, 2001): 85-90.
 
"Mundane Uses of Sacred Spaces in the Central and Later Middle Ages, with a Focus on Chartres Cathedral," Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies (https://cmrs.ucla.edu/publications/journals/comitatus/)30 (1999): 11-36.
 
"Birth, Flesh & Bodies: The Construction of Sacred Space in The Miracles of Our Lady of Chartres," Medieval Perspectives (https://southeasternmedieval.wordpress.com/medieval-perspectives-journal/)14 (1999): 98-114.

Question 8

BOOK REVIEWS

Accepted Answer

"Medieval European Pilgrimage: A Student's Guide to 'Who?', 'What?', 'When?', 'Where?', and 'Why?'.(https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=9802)" Review of Diana Webb, Medieval European Pilgrimage, c. 700-c. 1500,(https://books.google.com/books/about/Medieval_European_Pilgramage_C_700_c_150.html?id=A1wdBQAAQBAJ) H-NET (https://www.h-net.org/)review for H-CATHOLIC,(https://networks.h-net.org/h-catholic) October 2004.
 
"The Formation of a Persecuting Microcosm: Cluny and Intolerance in the Medieval World.(https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=7957)" Review of Dominique Iogna-Prat, Order and Exclusion: Cluny and Christendom Face Heresy, Judaism, and Islam (1000-1500),(https://books.google.com/books/about/Order_Exclusion.html?id=lxP9lEHFbNAC#:~:text=world's%20largest%20eBookstore.-,Order%20%26%20Exclusion%3A%20Cluny%20and%20Christendom%20Face%20Heresy%2C%20Judaism,%2C%20and%20Islam%2C%201000%2D1150&text=Iogna%2DPrat%20writes%20that%20%22versions,all%20been%20capable%20of%20intolerance.) H-NET (https://www.h-net.org/)review for H-CATHOLIC,(https://networks.h-net.org/h-catholic) June 2003.
 
"The Medieval Heresy that Refuses to Die: Catharism, Then and Now.(https://www.h-net.org/reviews//showpdf.php?id=5235)" Review of Malcolm Barber, The Cathars: Dualist Heretics in Languedoc in the High Middle Ages,(https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Cathars.html?id=dILZAAAAMAAJ) H-NET (https://www.h-net.org/)review for H-CATHOLIC,(https://networks.h-net.org/h-catholic) June 2001.
 
"Reuniting Genders." Review of John Kitchen, Saints' Lives and the Rhetoric of Gender: Male and Female in Merovingian Hagiography,(https://books.google.com/books/about/Saints_Lives_and_the_Rhetoric_of_Gender.html?id=nsrnCwAAQBAJ) in Cross Currents, (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19393881)the Journal of the Association for Religion and Intellectual Life,(http://www.aril.org/) 51 (spring 2001): 139-41.
 
"Heresy, Conquest and the Unification of France: The Albigensian Crusade.(https://networks.h-net.org/node/3595/reviews/4321/hayes-sumption-albigensian-crusade)" Review of Jonathan Sumption, The Albigensian Crusade,(https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Albigensian_Crusade.html?id=RXtkngEACAAJ) H-NET (https://www.h-net.org/)review for H-CATHOLIC,(https://networks.h-net.org/h-catholic) February 2001.

Question 9

PEER REVIEW ACTIVITY

Accepted Answer

Editorial Board, Kalkas: Rivista del Centro Studi Storico Archeologici del Gargano,(https://www.centrostudidelgargano.it/pubblicazioni/kalkas/) 2019 -

Editorial Board, Quaderni di Studi Garganici,(https://www.centrostudidelgargano.it/pubblicazioni/quaderni-del-centro-studi/) 2019 -

Blind Reviewer for Al-Masa̅q: Journal of the Medieval Mediterranean,(https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/calm20/current) 2018

Award Judge, UNICO Foundation'(https://www.unico.org/)s Ralph J. Torraco Doctoral Scholarship for the Study of Italian History, 2015

Reviewer, Extended pre-publication review of The Humanities: Culture, Continuity and Change, Book Three: The Renaissance and the Age of Encounter, 1400-1600 (https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Sayre-Humanities-The-Culture-Continuity-and-Change-Book-3-1400-to-1600-Plus-NEW-My-Lab-Arts-with-e-Text-Access-Card-Package-2nd-Edition/PGM290633.html)(Pearson,(https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education.html) 2007)

Reviewer, Solicited extended pre-publication review of Bedford/St. Martin'(https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us)s western civilization text The Making of the West,(https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/search/?text=the+making+of+the+west) 3rd edition

Reviewer, "Canterbury and Saint-Denis: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Two Churches at the Intersection of Medieval Culture," an interactive, web-based teaching project of The Medieval Institute (https://wmich.edu/medieval/)at Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) June 2003

Question 10

ELECTRONIC PUBLICATIONS

Accepted Answer

"The Murder of Thomas Becket," translated selection of Edward Grim's account for Western Legal Tradition (http://www.pearsoncustom.com/dc/aulegal/content/content.php)(Pearson E-Book for American University,(https://www.american.edu/) 2014).
 
"Teaching in - and about - a Crossroads of Civilizations: Reflections on Learning in Sicily, the Kingdom in the Sun." National Capital Language Resource Center (https://www.cal.org/what-we-do/projects/nclrc)(joint project of Georgetown University,(https://www.georgetown.edu/) The George Washington University,(https://www.gwu.edu/) and the Center for Applied Linguistics)(https://www.cal.org/), Speaker's Corner, April 2008.
 
"The Crusades." ProQuest History Online (http://historyonline.chadwyck.co.uk/info/home.htm)KnowledgeNotes, 2002.
 
"William the Conqueror and the Norman Conquest." ProQuest History Online (http://historyonline.chadwyck.co.uk/info/home.htm)KnowledgeNotes, 2002.
 
Translated selections (from the Latin) of Edward Grim's account of the murder of Thomas Becket.(https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/grim-becket.asp) The Internet Medieval Sourcebook,(https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/grim-becket.asp) ed. Paul Halsall.

Question 11

DIGITAL HUMANITIES PROJECT

Accepted Answer

The Norman Sicily Project: A Digital Preservation Effort for Sicily's Norman Past, www.normansicily.org (http://www.normansicily.org/en/home/)(initiated late 2015)

Question 12

CONFERENCE PAPERS

Accepted Answer

“Crossing Borders: The Viewpoint of an Historian on the Power of Objects.” Presented at the College Art Association of America’(https://www.collegeart.org/)s 113th Annual Meeting, New York City, February 12-15, 2025.

“Solving a Genealogical Riddle from Norman Sicily: Count Roger I and his Sons.” Given at the 31st Annual International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds,(https://www.leeds.ac.uk/) England, July 1-4, 2024.

“Norman Sicily: Multiculturalism and its Limits in the Medieval Mediterranean World.” Presented at the Mediterranean Studies Symposium,(https://www.cla.auburn.edu/interdisciplinary-programs/mediterranean-studies/annual-symposium/) Centre for Mediterranean Studies, Dubrovnik, Croatia, June 29 – July 1, 2023.

"Solving  Medieval Mystery: A Tale of a Desperate Father, a Leprous Son and the Healing Waters of the Island of Lipari." Given at "Water in Nature and the Anthropic World," Montclair State University,(montclair.edu) April 27-28, 2023.

"Documenting the Cultural Heritage of the Medieval Mezzogiorno: The Norman Sicily Project." Presented at "Bridging the Gap between Past and Present: Fostering a Sustainable Global Approach to Cultural Heritage in Diverse Communities," Montclair State University,(montclair.edu) April 28-29, 2022.

"Network Analysis of Rosalia of Palermo's Early Images Exploring the Evolution of her Cult." Presented with Joseph Hayes at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Renaissance Society of America,(https://www.rsa.org/) Dublin, Ireland, March 30 - April 2, 2022.
 
"The Norman Sicily Project: A Completed Prototype and Next Steps." Delivered at the International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds,(https://www.leeds.ac.uk/) July 5-8,  2021.
 
"Memories of Norman Sicily in Seventeenth-Century Palermo: The Cult of Santa Rosalia in its Historical Context." Given at the 25th Annual International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds,(https://www.leeds.ac.uk/) England, July 2-5, 2018.
 
"The Condition of Cultural Stones in Norman Sicily, 1061-1194." Greg Pope, Dawn Marie Hayes and Joe Hayes. Pope presented the results of collaborative research carried out in Sicily in July 2017 at the American Association of Geographers’(http://www.aag.org/) annual meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, April 10-14, 2018.
 
"The Wives of Roger II of Sicily: Reflections on the Marriage Strategies of an Evolving Monarchy." Given at "The Normans in the South,(https://thehaskinssociety.wildapricot.org/Normans-in-the-South/)" convened by The Haskins Society.(https://thehaskinssociety.wildapricot.org/) University of Oxford,(https://www.ox.ac.uk/) England, June 30 – July 2, 2017.
 
"Devotion Magnified by the Perils of the Sea: Roger II of Sicily, St. Nicholas of Bari and the Challenges of Travel in a Maritime Kingdom." Presented at the Twentieth Annual International Conference of the Mediterranean Studies Association,(https://www.mediterraneanstudies.org/) University of Malta,(https://www.um.edu.mt/) May 31 – June 3, 2017.
 
"Kinship and Aspiration in the Medieval Mediterranean: Identity and Shared Experience during the Reign of Roger II of Sicily, c. 1112-1154." Given at the Nineteenth Annual International Conference of the Mediterranean Studies Association,(https://www.mediterraneanstudies.org/) University of Palermo,(https://www.unipa.it/) Sicily, May 25-28, 2016.
 
"Sicilia Normanna: A Digital Conservation Project for Sicily's Norman Past." Delivered with Joseph Hayes at the Medieval Academy of America'(https://www.medievalacademy.org/default.aspx)s annual meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, February 25 - 27, 2015.
 
"Roger II of Sicily and the Legacy of Alfonso VI of Leon-Castile: Identity and Aspiration on Europe's Margins in Early Twelfth-Century Europe." Given at the Thirtieth Annual Conference of the Medieval Association of the Midwest,(https://mmaotm.wildapricot.org/) St. Louis University,(https://www.slu.edu/) Madrid Campus,(https://www.slu.edu/madrid/index.php) January 23-25, 2015.
 
"On the Significance of Roger II of Sicily's Antiquated Loros in the Mosaic in Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio, Palermo." Presented at the First Annual Symposium on Medieval and Renaissance Studies,(https://www.smrs-slu.org/) St. Louis University,(https://www.slu.edu/) Missouri, June 17-19, 2013.
 
"St. Nicholas of Bari in the Art of Norman Italy." Presented as part of a Hagiography Society (http://www.hagiographysociety.org/)panel at the Forty-Seventh International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 10-13, 2012.
 
"Capetian Influence in the Royal Iconography of Roger II of Sicily." Presented at the Forty-Sixth International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 12-15, 2011.
 
"Teaching in and about a Crossroads of Civilizations: Reflections on Learning in the Kingdom of the Sun." Presented at the American Association of Teachers of Italian Conference,(https://aati.uark.edu/) Washington, D.C., October 11-13, 2007.
 
"Women, Religion, Maternity: Possible Impacts of Literacy on Childbirth within Jewish and Christian Communities in Medieval Europe." Presented at the Forty-First International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 4-7, 2006.
 
"Didactic or Experiential?: Literacy and the Maternal Cultures of Christians, Jews and Muslims in Medieval Europe." Given at Siena College'(https://www.siena.edu/)s conference "Children of Abraham: Christians, Jews and Muslims in the Middle Ages and Early Moderm Europe", Loudonville, New York, October 7-8, 2005.
 
"Maternity Across Cultures: Jewish and Christian Approaches to Pregnancy and Childbirth in Medieval Western Europe." Given at the Nineteenth Barnard (https://barnard.edu/)Medieval and Renaissance Studies Conference, "Medicine Across Cultures: 600-1600", New York City, December 4, 2004.
 
"Pregnancy and Childbirth in Medieval Jewish, Christian and Muslim Sources." Paper delivered at SUNY Binghamton'(https://www.binghamton.edu/)s Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies conference,(https://www.binghamton.edu/cemers/conference/index.html) "Science, Literature, and the Arts in the Medieval and Early Modern World", Binghamton, New York, October 22-23, 2004.
 
"Medieval Maternity through Modern Eyes." Paper presented at the Thirty-Ninth International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 6-9, 2004.
 
"Burying the Bodies of the Most Christian Kings: Capetian Corpses and the Construction of Politics and Sacredness at the Royal Abbey of Saint-Denis." Paper presented at the Thirty-Seventh International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 2-5, 2002.
 
"Christian Sanctuary and Repository of France's Political Culture: The Construction of Holiness and Masculinity at the Royal Abbey of St.-Denis." Paper given at the University of Huddersfield (https://www.hud.ac.uk/)as part of the conference "Holiness and Masculinity," July 12-14, 2001.
 
"Mundane and Profane Uses of Chartres Cathedral in the Later Middle Ages." Given at the International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds,(https://www.leeds.ac.uk/) Leeds, England, July 9-12, 2001.
 
"Negotiating the Powers of Good & Evil in Twelfth-Century Europe: The Purifying & Fortifying Liturgy of Church Consecration." Paper delivered at the Convivium Center for Medieval & Early Modern Studies (https://www.siena.edu/centers-institutes/center-for-medieval-and-early-modern-studies/)at Siena College,(https://www.siena.edu/) Loudonville, New York, October 13-14, 2000.
 
"Violent Deaths as Commentaries on Vice-Ridden Lives in the Memoirs of Guibert of Nogent." Paper given at the International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds, Leeds,(https://www.leeds.ac.uk/) England, July 10-13, 2000.
 
"From Boundaries Blurred to Boundaries Defined: Clerical Emphasis on the Limits of Sacred Space in the Later Middle Ages." Paper given at the 1999 annual meeting of the Theoretical Archaeological Group, School of Archaeology and Religion,(https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/history-archaeology-religion) Cardiff University,(https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/) Cardiff, Wales, December 14-17, 1999.
 
"The Political Clout of a Martyr's Body in Twelfth-Century England: The Assassination of Archbishop Thomas Becket." Paper given at Iona College'(https://www.iona.edu/)s Dean's Symposium, December 2, 1998.
 
"Body as Champion of Church Authority and Sacred Place: The Murder of Thomas Becket." Paper given at the University of Toronto'(https://www.utoronto.ca/)s Centre for Medieval Studies (https://www.medieval.utoronto.ca/)Annual Conference, "Violence in Medieval Society," October 24, 1998.
 
"Using the Body to Elevate Space: The Pious Propaganda of Thirteenth-Century Chartres Cathedral." Paper given at the Southeastern Medieval Association (https://southeasternmedieval.wordpress.com/)(SEMA) Conference, Agnes Scott College,(https://www.agnesscott.edu/) Decatur, Georgia, October 15-17, 1998.
 
"Raising Money and Generating a Cult in Thirteenth-Century Northern France: The Miracles of Our Lady of Chartres." Paper given at the New York Friends of the Saints, New York, New York, October 9, 1998.

Question 13

INTERVIEWS AND INVITED TALKS

Accepted Answer

Italian American Podcast.(https://italianamericanpodcast.com/) February 28, 2025.

“Montclair State’s Sicily Study Abroad: A Journey through History and Culture.” Interview with novelist and journalist Lindsay Marie Morris, https://www.lindsaymariemorris.com/blog/posts/45127,(https://www.lindsaymariemorris.com/blog/posts/45127) October 4, 2024.

"The Formidable Kingdom in the Sun: Sicily and Southern Italy, c. 1061-1194." To be presented to the National Organization of Italian American Women (https://www.noiaw.org/)at the John D. Calandra Italian American Institute,(https://calandrainstitute.org/) Queens College,(https://www.qc.cuny.edu/Pages/home.aspx) CUNY,(http://www.cuny.edu/) September 6, 2018.
 
"Reflections on The Norman Sicily Project.(http://www.normansicily.org/en/home/)" With Greg Pope (MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) Earth and Environmental Studies)(https://www.montclair.edu/earth-and-environmental-studies/) and Joe P. Hayes. Delivered at the Digital Humanities Summer Institute,(http://www.drew.edu/digital-humanities/) Drew University,(http://www.drew.edu/1/) June 21, 2018.
 
"The Norman Sicily Project: Reflections on how an Historian, Software Engineer and Earth Scientist are Collaborating to Create a Unique Web App for the Island's Norman Heritage." Report to be given to the Center for Heritage and Archaeological Studies,(https://www.montclair.edu/center-for-heritage-and-archaeological-studies/) MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) March 28, 2018.
 
"The Norman Sicily Project.(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGKlwjaH-cw&feature=youtu.be)" TEDx-Style Introduction to The Norman Sicily Project (http://www.normansicily.org/en/home/)requested by the Office of Alumni Relations,(https://www.montclair.edu/alumni/) MSU.(https://www.montclair.edu/) Recorded March 26, 2018.
 
"The Formidable Kingdom in the Sun: Sicily and Southern Italy, c. 1061-1194." To be presented to the National Organization of Italian American Women (https://www.noiaw.org/)at The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum,(https://www.garibaldimeuccimuseum.com/) November 9, 2017.
 
"Desire and Aspiration in Medieval Sicily: The Message of the Royal Mosaic in Santa Maria dell''Ammiraglio, Palermo," The Lynda Nilsen Memorial Lecture delivered at the Archaeology Society of Staten Island/Archaeological Institute of America,(http://siarchaeology.org/) Wagner College,(https://wagner.edu/) December 4, 2016.
 
"Imitation is not always a Sincere Form of Flattery: The Message of Roger II of Sicily's Byzantine Loros in the Mosaic of Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio, Palermo," delivered as part of MSU'(https://www.montclair.edu/)s Medieval and Early Modern Studies Seminar,(https://www.montclair.edu/medieval-and-early-modern-studies-seminar/) March 26, 2014.
 
"Sanctity, Safety and the Sea: St. Nicholas of Bari and the Devotion of the Early Normans in Sicily and Southern Italy." Delivered at the CUNY Graduate Center,(https://www.gc.cuny.edu/Home) New York CIty, October 5, 2012.
 
"The Integration of iClicker Technology into Large Introductory GenEd Courses as a Way to Foster Individual Student Engagement." PowerPoint lecture presented to Montclair's Second Ward Councilor Cary Africk as part of a discussion on the pedagogical benefits of technology (with Dr. Patty Kahn, Director of Technology Training and Integration, Office of Information Technology)(https://www.montclair.edu/information-technology/), November 4, 2008.
 
"The Crusades through Medieval and Modern Eyes." PowerPoint lecture given as part of MSU'(https://www.montclair.edu/)s "Humanities in the Schools Day, 2004". December 7, 2004.
 
"Monarchy, Monastery and Mutuality: Relationships between Politics and Religion at the Medieval Abbey of Saint-Denis." Lecture to be given to the Archaeology Society of Staten Island/Archaeological Institute of America,(http://siarchaeology.org/) Wagner College,(https://wagner.edu/) January 12, 2003.
 
Tour of The Cloisters.(https://www.metmuseum.org/visit/plan-your-visit/met-cloisters) Archaeology Society of Staten Island/Archaeological Institute of America,(http://siarchaeology.org/) June 15, 2002.
 
Speaker in the Humanities, New York Council for the Humanities,(https://humanitiesny.org/) 2000-2003: "The Profane History of a Sacred Place: The Civic Context of Chartres Cathedral." Presented at:
 
The Archaeology Society of Staten Island/Archaeological Institute of America,(http://siarchaeology.org/) Wagner College,(https://wagner.edu/) March 4, 2001
Orange County Community College,(https://sunyorange.edu/) Middletown, New York, April 11, 2001
 
Senior Citizens of Bronxville,(https://www.bronxvilleseniors.org/) Bronxville, New York, March 26, 2002
"From Tolerance to Persecution: The Marginalization of Western Europe's Jews in the Opening Years of the Second Millennium." Presentation made at Temple Israel New Rochelle,(https://www.tinr.org/) April 11, 2000.

Question 14

PARTICIPATION IN PROFESSIONAL MEETINGS

Accepted Answer

Invited Roundtable Participant: “In Honor of Bonnie Wheeler II: Medieval Foremothers and their Afterlives” at the 58th International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 11-13, 2023.

Poster Presentation with Itewari Ekpebu-Bryan, Office of Information Technology, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) "Facilitating a Digital Group Project: A Collaborative Approach," at the 10th Annual NJEdge (https://njedge.net/)Conference, Plainsboro, New Jersey, November 21, 2013.
 
Organizer: "Sicily and its Neighbors" at the Forty-Eighth International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 9-12, 2013.
 
Chair, "Multidisciplinary St. Nicholas". A panel organized by the Hagiography Society (https://www.hagiographysociety.org/)for the Forty-Eighth International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 9-12, 2013.
 
Organizer and Chair: "Medieval Sicily as a Cultural Frontier" at the Forty-Seventh International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 10-13, 2012.
 
Organizing Committee Member: "Storytelling", Romance Studies Colloquium, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) October 1-3, 2009.
 
Invited Symposium Participant: "Making the Transition with Epsilen, an Integrated Course Content, Portfolio, and Communication Tool" at "Making the Transition from Face-to-Face to Online Pedagogy," MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)Summer Symposium, Montclair, New Jersey, June 2-5, 2008.
 
Organizer and Chair: Medieval Religion Discussion List (https://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/cgi-bin/WA-JISC.exe?A0=MEDIEVAL-RELIGION)Session "Dispersion and Reception: The Fate of Constantinople's Relics after the Sack of 1204" at the 39th Meeting of the International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 6-9, 2004.
 
Invited Roundtable Participant: "The Virtual Canterbury Cathedral Website: Future Directions for a Western Michigan University Teaching Project", at the 39th Meeting of the International Congress on Medieval Studies,(https://wmich.edu/medievalcongress) Western Michigan University,(https://wmich.edu/) Kalamazoo, Michigan, May 6-9, 2004.
 
Organizer: "Medieval Maternity, I: Pregnancy and Childbirth in Song, Spirituality and Sculpture" and "Medieval Maternity, II: Pregnancy and Childbirth in Medical and Other Manuscripts," two sessions to be held at the International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds,(http://www.leeds.ac.uk/) Leeds, England, July 14-17, 2003.
 
Invited Chair and Commentator: "Real and Imagined Topographies: Mapping Social Space," a session held at the Medieval Academy of America'(https://www.medievalacademy.org/default.aspx)s annual meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 10-12, 2003.
 
Organizer and Chair: "Mundane and Profane Uses of Medieval Sacred Spaces I: Misuses and Abuses of Churches and their Precincts," "Mundane and Profane Uses of Medieval Sacred Spaces II: Synagogue, Mosque and Shrine in the Central Middle Ages," and "Mundane and Profane Uses of Medieval Sacred Spaces III: (Re)Negotiating Boundaries for the Holy," three sessions held at the International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds,(http://www.leeds.ac.uk/) Leeds, England, July 9-12, 2001.
 
Roundtable Participant: "Exile in the Middle Ages: Definitions, Representations." International Medieval Congress,(https://www.imc.leeds.ac.uk/) University of Leeds,(http://www.leeds.ac.uk/) Leeds, England, July 9-12, 2001.
 
Organizer of Conference: "Same but Different: Exploring the Cultures and Histories of the Eastern Catholic Churches," Iona College,(https://www.iona.edu/) November 6, 2000.

Question 15

TEACHING FIELDS

Accepted Answer

Survey of Medieval History
Western Civilization (classical - present)
Medieval and Early Modern Culture
Church History to 1519
English Common Law
Jews and Christians in Ancient and Medieval Europe
History of Women in the Middle Ages
Medieval Legacies to the Modern World
Heresy and Dissent in Medieval Europe
Medieval France
Medieval England
Sicily and Southern Italy in the Middle Ages

Question 16

TEACHING AND CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCE

Accepted Answer

Professor of Medieval History, Montclair State University,(https://www.montclair.edu/) September 2019 -
Associate Professor of Medieval History, Montclair State University,(https://www.montclair.edu/) September 2006 - August 2019
Assistant Professor of Medieval History, Montclair State University,(https://www.montclair.edu/) September 2003 - August 2006
Graduate
Cross-Cultural Contacts in the Medieval World: Western Europe, Byzantium, and the Levant, ca. 1050-1189
Castle, Cathedral and Crusade: Europe in the High Middle Ages

Undergraduate
Foundations of Western Civilization (Face-to-Face, Technology Enhanced via iClicker,(https://www.iclicker.com/) Online via Blackboard (https://www.blackboard.com/)and Online via Canvas)(https://www.instructure.com/)
Heresy and Dissent in the Later Middle Ages
Medieval European Civilization
Senior Seminar: Cross-Cultural Contacts in the Medieval World: Western Europe, Byzantium, and the Levant, ca. 1050-1189
Senior Seminar: Women in the Middle Ages
Senior Seminar: Kingdoms in the Sun: Sicily and Southern Italy in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
Senior Seminar: Southern Italy and Sicily in the Central Middle Ages
Architecture of Space and Place

Undergraduate Summer Study Abroad (Founding Director)
Kingdoms in the Sun: Sicily and Southern Italy in Antiquity and the Middle Ages - 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2013

Interdisciplinary M.A. Program (Architect)
Digital Literacies through the Liberal Arts, May 2022 - Present

Assistant Professor of History, Borough of Manhattan Community College,(https://www.bmcc.cuny.edu/) City University of New York,(http://www.cuny.edu/) Fall 2002 - Spring 2003
Western Civilization: From Ancient to Early Modern Times
Western Civilization: The Emergence of the Modern World

Assistant Professor of European History, Iona College,(https://www.iona.edu/) Fall 1998 – Spring 2002
Graduate
Europe in the Middle Ages
The Shaping of Contemporary Europe
The Shaping of Modern Europe: 1789-1914

Undergraduate
Honors Humanities Seminar II: The Middle Ages
Jews and Christians in Ancient and Medieval Europe
Western Civilization
Age of Ideology
Early Modern Europe
Europe in the Middle Ages
Contemporary Civilization I (to 1600)
Contemporary Civilization II (since 1600)
Europe since 1929

Adjunct Lecturer, College of Staten Island,(https://www.csi.cuny.edu/) City University of New York,(https://www.cuny.edu/) 1996 – 1998
History of Western Civilization, Antiquity to 1500
Medieval and Early Modern Culture
World Civilization Since 1500
Past and Present

Teaching Assistant, New York University,(http://www.nyu.edu/) 1991 – 1994
The Foundations of English Common Law
The Civilization & Culture of the Middle Ages
The Crusades

Question 17

ACADEMIC SERVICE

Accepted Answer

Director and Founder, International Summer Institute in Sicily, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) 2006 - 2008, 2011, 2013 , 2023, 2024 and 2025

MSU Pre-College in Sicily (https://www.montclair.edu/early-college-program/study-abroad-in-sicily-italy/)(Founding Academic Director of a Study Abroad Program for High School Juniors and Seniors), 2024 -

History Department (https://weissman.baruch.cuny.edu/weissman-academic-departments/the-department-of-history/)Review, Baruch College (https://www.baruch.cuny.edu/)- May 2024

Advisory Board Member, H-Sicily,(https://networks.h-net.org/h-sicily) a member of H-Net Humanities & Social Sciences OnLine,(https://networks.h-net.org/) 2023 -

InSpace Pilot Participant, Montclair State University,(https://www.montclair.edu/) Fall 2023

Curriculum Consultant, St. Joseph by-the-Sea High School,(https://www.privateschoolsstatenisland.com/) May 2022 - Present

Departmental Personnel Advisory Committee, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- Member 2008, 2011, 2013 and 2017; Co-Chair in Fall 2009; Chair in Spring 2010 and academic years 2014-2015 and 2020-2021
 
School Leadership Teams (https://www.schools.nyc.gov/get-involved/families/school-leadership-team)(New York City Department of Education)(https://www.schools.nyc.gov/)
I.S. 7 (https://www.is7vikings.org/)(District 31,(http://www.cec31.org/) Staten Island), September 2018 - August 2020
P.S. 36 (https://www.ps36si.org/)(District 31,(http://www.cec31.org/) Staten Island), Chair, September 2015
I.S. 7 (https://www.is7vikings.org/)(District 31,(http://www.cec31.org/) Staten Island), September 2013 - June 2015
P.S. 36 (https://www.ps36si.org/)(District 31,(http://www.cec31.org/) Staten Island), September 2012 - June 2013
P.S. 36 (https://www.ps36si.org/)(District 31,(http://www.cec31.org/) Staten Island), September 2010 - June 2011

Chair, Task Force on the Development of an MA in the Digital Humanities, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) College of Humanities and Social Science,(https://www.montclair.edu/chss/) Spring 2016
 
Assessment Liaison for the Department of History,(https://www.montclair.edu/history/) MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) Fall 2014 – Spring 2016

Nineteenth-Century American Historian Search, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) Department of History,(https://www.montclair.edu/history/) Fall 2014-Spring 2015
 
Sponsor Faculty Member for Graduate Student Paper, "A Kaleidoscope of Culture: Cross-Cultural Influences on Twelfth-Century English Illuminated Manuscripts," Presented at MSU'(https://www.montclair.edu/)s 8th Annual Student Research Symposium,(https://www.montclair.edu/research-symposium/) April 12, 2014.
Technology Training and Integration Group'(https://www.montclair.edu/information-technology/training-offerings-registration/)s Faculty Showcase Interview on Online Teaching (Video Interview for the Campus Community) - Fall 2013

Provost's Canvas (https://www.instructure.com/)(LMS) Review Committee, Spring 2013

Undergraduate Curriculum Committee, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) College of Humanities and Social Sciences (https://www.montclair.edu/chss/)- Fall 2012 - Spring 2014
 
Director of Technology Training and Integration and Senior Instructional Designer Search Committee, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- Spring 2010
 
Instructional Designer Search Committee (Two Positions), MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- Fall 2010

Online and Hybrid Course Policy Committee, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) College of Humanities and Social Sciences (https://www.montclair.edu/chss/)- Fall 2010

Presentation on Online Teaching to the Board of Trustees' Academic Program Planning Committee, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- December 10, 2009

Student's Perception of Online Courses: Reflections on a Course Survey, Presentation at MSU'(https://www.montclair.edu/)s College of Humanities and Social Sciences (https://www.montclair.edu/chss/)Meeting - November 4, 2009

Provost's Strategic Planning Steering Committee, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- Fall 2008-Spring 2010

Director of the Joseph and Elda Coccia Institute for the Italian Experience in America (https://www.montclair.edu/coccia-institute/)Search Committee (Chaired), MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- 2008

Dean of the College of Humanities and Social Sciences (https://www.montclair.edu/chss/)Search Committee, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- 2007-2008
Institute for the Humanities (https://www.montclair.edu/institute-for-the-humanities/)Advisory Board, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- 2007

Life Cycle Replacement Committee, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- 2007
Coccia Institute for the Italian Experience in America (https://www.montclair.edu/coccia-institute/)Scholarship Committee, MSU (https://www.montclair.edu/)- 2006

Newsletter Editor, MSU,(https://www.montclair.edu/) Department of History,(https://www.montclair.edu/history/) 2005 - 2006

List Editor, H-Catholic,(https://networks.h-net.org/h-catholic) a member of H-Net Humanities & Social Sciences OnLine,(https://networks.h-net.org/) 2004 - 2007

Study Abroad Committee, Iona College,(https://www.iona.edu/) 2000 - 2002

Middle States' Libraries and Learning Centers Task Force, Iona College,(https://www.iona.edu/) 2000 - 2001

Web Designer and Webmaster, Iona College,(https://www.iona.edu/) Department of History, (https://www.iona.edu/academics/explore-majors-programs/history-ba)1999 - 2002

Web Designer and Webmaster, Department of History,(https://as.nyu.edu/history.html) New York University,(http://www.nyu.edu/) 1996 – 1997

Assistant to Professor Norman F. Cantor – Spring 1996

Assistant to the Chair of the Department of History,(https://as.nyu.edu/history.html) New York University (http://www.nyu.edu/)– Fall 1993

Question 18

LANGUAGES READ

Accepted Answer

Latin
Italian
French
Spanish

Question 19

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES

Question 20

CITIZENSHIP

Accepted Answer

Italy

United States